ISO 11409-1993 PDF

Full title and description

Plastics — Phenolic resins — Determination of heats and temperatures of reaction by differential scanning calorimetry. This International Standard specifies a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method for measuring the heat flow associated with curing or other exothermic reactions in phenolic resins (for example resols or novolak mixtures with hexamethylenetetramine or other curing agents).

Abstract

The method measures the heat flux supplied to a test sample as a function of time or temperature while the sample is subjected to a defined temperature schedule under a specified atmosphere. Exothermic reactions produce peaks in the DSC heating curve; integration of the peak area gives the energy of reaction and the peak temperature(s) indicate reaction temperatures. The procedure is intended for phenolic resins showing exothermic behaviour (resols, novolaks with curing agents).

General information

• Status: Published (International Standard, confirmed).
• Publication date: December 1993 (valid from 09 December 1993 as published).
• Publisher: International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
• ICS / categories: 83.080.10 — Thermosetting materials.
• Edition / version: Edition 1 (1993). Confirmed by ISO systematic review in 2023.
• Number of pages: 7 pages (technical content).

Scope

Specifies a DSC test to determine heats and reaction temperatures for phenolic resins that exhibit exothermic cure behaviour. The procedure covers instrument conditions (temperature schedule, atmosphere), specimen handling and the interpretation of exothermic peaks (integration for enthalpy, peak temperature as characteristic reaction temperature). The standard is applicable to resols and to novolak-based systems when used with appropriate curing agents (for example hexamethylenetetramine).

Key topics and requirements

• Principle of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for detection of exothermic reaction peaks and heat flow measurement.
• Specification of temperature schedules and atmosphere control for reproducible measurement (heating rates, isothermal or dynamic runs).
• Specimen preparation and recommended crucible types to ensure good thermal contact and reproducible results.
• Integration of exothermic peak area to obtain enthalpy (heat) of reaction and identification of peak temperatures as reaction temperature markers.
• Applicability notes and limitations — intended for phenolic resins with exothermic curing behaviour (resols, novolaks + curing agents) and not a general DSC procedure for unrelated materials.

Typical use and users

Used by polymer and materials testing laboratories, resin and adhesive manufacturers, quality-control departments, research and development groups, and standards groups for characterizing curing behaviour, comparing formulations, and setting processing/curing parameters. Results are commonly applied to formulation development, cure optimization and specification of resin products.

Related standards

EN/European adoptions of ISO 11409 exist (for example EN ISO 11409 editions/adoptions in the late 1990s/2000s). The ISO 11357 series (DSC — general principles and specific DSC tests) is a closely related set of standards for DSC practice and calibration. Other ISO documents on phenolic products (for example ISO work on phenolic moulding compounds) are relevant for product specification and complementary test methods.

Keywords

phenolic resins, resol, novolak, hexamethylenetetramine, DSC, differential scanning calorimetry, heat of reaction, reaction temperature, thermosetting materials, thermal analysis.

FAQ

Q: What is this standard?

A: ISO 11409:1993 is an International Standard that specifies a differential scanning calorimetry method to determine heats and temperatures of reaction for phenolic resins (resols and novolak-based systems with curing agents).

Q: What does it cover?

A: It covers the DSC test principle, recommended test conditions (temperature schedules, atmosphere), specimen handling and the interpretation of exothermic peaks to obtain reaction enthalpy and characteristic reaction temperatures for phenolic resin systems.

Q: Who typically uses it?

A: Materials testing laboratories, resin and adhesive manufacturers, QC and R&D teams, and standards bodies use it for formulation testing, cure characterization, process-setting and product specification.

Q: Is it current or superseded?

A: ISO 11409:1993 remains a published International Standard and was confirmed in ISO’s systematic review process (confirmation recorded in 2023). National/adopted versions (EN/other adoptions) were published in the years following the ISO publication. Users should check with their national standards body for any localized editions or withdrawals.

Q: Is it part of a series?

A: The method is a material-specific DSC test for phenolic resins and is complementary to the wider ISO 11357 series (DSC — general principles and parts for specific thermal events); practitioners often use ISO 11357 (general DSC practice and calibration) together with ISO 11409 for complete DSC testing and reporting.

Q: What are the key keywords?

A: Phenolic resins; DSC; heats of reaction; reaction temperature; resol; novolak; hexamethylenetetramine; thermosetting; thermal analysis.