ISO 12947-2-2016 PDF

Full title and description

ISO 12947-2:2016 — Textiles — Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method — Part 2: Determination of specimen breakdown. This part of the ISO 12947 series specifies the procedure for determining the end‑point (breakdown) of abrasion testing using the Martindale apparatus, including inspection intervals and criteria for breakdown for a wide range of textile constructions (woven, knitted and nonwovens), excluding coated fabrics.

Abstract

ISO 12947-2:2016 describes the method for determining specimen breakdown during Martindale abrasion testing by regular visual and magnified inspection at fixed intervals. It defines end‑point criteria (thread breakage, holes, substantial pile loss, weight loss or marked appearance change), specimen preparation and mounting, inspection templates and magnification, and recommended test loads for different end‑uses. The standard is intended to produce a repeatable number of rubbing cycles to specimen breakdown, reported as the number of cycles to failure.

General information

• Status: Published (International Standard, confirmed in its latest review).
• Publication date: December 2016.
• Publisher: International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
• ICS / categories: 59.080.30 (Textiles — testing).
• Edition / version: Edition 2 (2016).
• Number of pages: 15.

(Metadata above based on the ISO bibliographic entry for ISO 12947-2:2016.)

Scope

Specifies the procedure for determination of specimen breakdown (the end‑point of the test) by inspection at fixed intervals when using the Martindale abrasion tester. Applicable to textile fabrics including nonwovens and most constructions used for apparel, household and technical textiles, except coated fabrics where alternative methods (for example those in ISO 5470) are recommended. The standard sets criteria for what constitutes breakdown and how to record the number of rubs at breakdown.

Key topics and requirements

• Test principle: circular specimen abraded in a translational Lissajous motion against a standard abrasive fabric with the specimen holder free to rotate; evaluation by inspection up to breakdown.
• Specimen dimensions and preparation: minimum specimen diameter ~38 mm; special preparation and mounting instructions for stretch and pile fabrics (pile fabrics > 500 g/m² have specified treatment and mounting rules).
• Loading / pressures: two specified effective masses for the specimen holder assembly — (595 ± 7) g (≈9 kPa) for apparel/household textiles and (795 ± 7) g (≈12 kPa) for workwear/upholstery/technical fabrics.
• Inspection and end‑point criteria: regular inspection intervals using a small inspection aperture (template) and magnification (typically ×8 or ×10) to detect broken threads, holes, worn‑off areas, pile loss, weight loss or marked appearance change; the number of cycles to breakdown is recorded.
• Apparatus and auxiliary materials: references and requirements for Martindale machine, standard abradant and felt substrate, specimen holder foam backing and templates (see ISO 12947-1 for apparatus specifics).
• Reporting: results reported as number of rubs to breakdown and description of failure mode, test conditions (load, abradant, specimen conditioning, number of specimens) and any deviations from the method.

(Summarised technical requirements and limits as specified in ISO 12947‑2 and companion parts of the 12947 series.)

Typical use and users

Used by textile test laboratories, quality control departments in textile and apparel manufacturing, upholstery and contract textile producers, material specification engineers, product designers and research organizations to assess abrasion durability and compare fabrics for intended end‑use. Results inform material selection, specification limits, conformity testing and performance claims.

Related standards

Closely related parts and standards: - ISO 12947-1 — Martindale abrasion testing apparatus (requirements for the machine and auxiliary materials); - ISO 12947-3 / ISO 12947-4 — companion parts addressing other assessment modes (appearance change, mass loss and other evaluation criteria) and corrections/amendments in the 12947 series; - ISO 5470 — methods for abrasion testing where coated or laminated surfaces are to be evaluated; - Regional/adopted versions such as EN ISO 12947-2 (European adoption).

Keywords

Martindale, abrasion resistance, textile testing, specimen breakdown, rubbing cycles, specimen preparation, abrasion load, textile durability, upholstery testing, apparel testing, ISO 12947.

FAQ

Q: What is this standard?

A: ISO 12947-2:2016 is the part of the ISO 12947 series that defines the procedure to determine the breakdown (end‑point) of textile specimens when tested for abrasion resistance using the Martindale method.

Q: What does it cover?

A: It covers specimen preparation and mounting, inspection intervals and methods (including use of a template and magnification), end‑point definitions (thread breakage, holes, pile loss, weight loss or appearance changes), test loads for different end‑uses and reporting of cycles to breakdown. It is not intended for coated fabrics.

Q: Who typically uses it?

A: Textile test laboratories, manufacturers of apparel, upholstery and technical textiles, product designers, quality managers and standards bodies use this standard to evaluate and compare abrasion durability.

Q: Is it current or superseded?

A: Edition 2 (2016) is the current published edition of ISO 12947-2; the ISO bibliographic entry shows the 2016 edition and indicates the document was reviewed/confirmed in a subsequent systematic review (confirmed status). It superseded earlier editions (for example the 1998 edition). Users should verify national adoption or later amendments before applying the method.

Q: Is it part of a series?

A: Yes — ISO 12947 is a multipart series covering the Martindale abrasion method. Part 1 addresses the apparatus; Part 2 (this document) covers specimen breakdown; other parts cover appearance change, mass loss and related assessments. Regional/adopted versions (EN ISO) also exist.

Q: What are the key keywords?

A: Martindale, abrasion, abrasion resistance, specimen breakdown, rubbing cycles, textile testing, upholstery, apparel, ISO 12947.